The Importance of Maintaining Health and Healthy Lifestyle Practices Short Answer Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Maintaining Health and Healthy Lifestyle Practices Short Answer Essay Q1. Describe the mechanics of inspiration and expiration in a resting person Breathing also referred to as ventilation is involved with the air movement into and out of the lungs to the atmosphere. The breathing process comprises of two phases, which is inspiration and expiration. West (2014) indicated that the main muscles that are involved in the breathing movements are the diaphragm which forms the chest cavity floor, the intercostals muscles that are attached to the ribs. During the process of inspiration, the external intercostals muscles and diaphragm contract allowing the air to flow in. Petechuk (2010) indicated that the diaphragm moves down during inspiration and this increases the volume of the chest (thoracic) cavity. On the other hand, the external intercostals muscles pull the ribs outward and upwards. This expands the rib cage and further increase the chest volume. According to Ionescu (2013), the increase on the chest volume lowered in the lungs the air pressure as compared to the atmospheric air. However, because the air always flows from a high pressure region to an area of low pressure, the air will travel through the conducting airways of the body into the alveoli in the lungs. The conducting airways of the body include the nostrils, the throat, larynx and the trachea. Expiration in resting person has contrasting muscular activities to inspiration of a resting man. During expiration of a resting man, the external intercostals muscles and the diaphragm relax. This restores the thoracic activity to its smaller (original) volume, and this forces the air out of the lungs into the atmosphere. For an adult who is healthy and is at rest, the breathing mechanism sets up a rate typically between 16 and 20 breaths in a minute. Q2. Discuss how lung volumes change in response to vigorous breathing (forced inspiration and expiration) and what additional muscles will be used to ensure these volumes are met During forced inspiration or expiration also known as vigorous breathing, the lung volumes changes because of some additional usage of muscles. Forced breathing normally occurs when a person is engaging in a rigorous activity of is exercising (Martin, 2012). It may also be described as a deeper breathing and applies more musculature for expiration and inspiration. According to Nieman Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (U.S.) (2013), when an individual is exercising, there is an increased demand for oxygen in the body and also an increased ventilation of the lungs. Furthermore, the frequency for deflation and inflation increases and the quantity of air that is breathed in and out increases too. West (2014) indicated that during the inspiration process, the additional muscles that are attached to the sternum and the ribs helps in raising the ribcage. On the other hand, during forced expiration West (2014) asserted that the internal intercostals muscles contract and therefore pulls down the rib cage more quickly. Moreover, the abdominal muscles also contract, and therefore push up on the diaphragm. This forces more air to move out of the lungs. This movement of the diaphragm, internal intercostals muscles and the abdominal muscles helps individuals to breathe more deeply and quickly. Both expiration and inspiration are active processes now that require the contraction of the muscles. As an individual inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards before flattening out. This allows the ribs and the lungs to expand in all planes, and thereby increasing the thoracic cavity volume. Similarly, Petechuk (2010) explained that the abdominal wall comprises of four layers, with the transverses abdominis muscle being the deepest layer and supports the trunk. During a forced exhalation, Petechuk (2010) pointed out that the traverses abdominis muscle starts to contract, and this increases the abdominal pressure Q3. Describe any four normal age related changes to the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in healthy elderly adults (over 65 years) Decreased strength of the respiratory muscles. The diaphragm, intercostals muscles and the abdominal muscles that help in the process of breathing will decrease and the effect is that inadequate amount of oxygen will be inhaled. Furthermore, the amount of carbon iv oxide will be higher because of the weaker respiratory muscles to help in exhalation. The implication of the decreased strength of the respiratory muscle is that there will be reduced functional reserve of the pulmonary with no change at rest, while with exertion; it will result to decreased exercise tolerance and dyspnea (Lalley, 2013). The chest wall will become stiffer with reduced compliance. This will lead to decreased chest and lung expansion and respiratory excursion with less effective exhalation. Furthermore, the respiratory rate will fall to about 12 to 24 breaths in a minute. Stiffness of the chest wall may be because of the stiffness or weakness of the respiratory muscles, the diminished strength in the chest wall or pain associated with the age on the skeletal system. The ribs may be affected also be affected with osteoporosis and therefore make the chest wall stiff (Farley, McLafferty Hendry, 2011). Decreased response to hypercapnia and hypoxia. The implication is the decreased cough, and also foreign matter/mucus clearance. Hypoxia which is the condition associated with minimal or no oxygen will result because diminished energy to enable inhalation of the aged individual. Therefore, less amount of oxygen will be supplied in the whole body (Lalley, 2013). Diminished macrophages and cilliary activity, hence resulting to decreased cough reflexes and drier mucus membranes. This will lead to increased risk of brorichospasm and infection with airway obstruction (Farley, McLafferty Hendry, 2011). Q4. Describe three effects long term exercise has in maintaining a healthy respiratory system Because of the long term exercise, the pulmonary ventilation will increase because of the stimulation of the respiratory centers found in the brain stem. This will help in increasing of air sacs in the lungs. Furthermore, it will help in clearing out of any mucus in the respiratory system that may be in (Ionescu, 2013). Furthermore, long term exercises helps in increasing the capacity of the lungs. Long term exercises will enable the respiratory system to be healthy especially the lungs. Thos will lead to production of a greater number of the alveoli, and those will increase the tidal volume as well as the vital capacity of the lungs The strength of the diaphragm muscle will also be increased with long term exercises. Increased strength of the diaphragm will helpful especially in forced expiration and when individual engages in exercises. Long term exercises will make the lungs to supply enough air to the body cells faster. This will make the cells to use the air in the more production of ATP. Similarly, it will help the cell in removal of the carbon iv oxide and therefore prevent impairing of the blood (Nieman Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (U.S.), 2013). References Lalley, P.M. (2013) The ageing respiratory system Pulmonary structure, function and neural control. Respiratory Physiology Neurobiotogy 187 199-210 West, J. B. (2014). Mechanics of breathing. San Diego, Calif: West ; [New York : for loan or sale by Audio Visual Medical Marketing. Petechuk, D. (2010). The respiratory system. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Ionescu, C. M. (2013). The human respiratory system: An analysis of the interplay between anatomy, structure, breathing and fractal dynamics. London: Springer. Martin, D. E. (2012). Respiratory anatomy and physiology. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby. Farley, A., McLafferty, E., Hendry, C. (2011). The Physiological Effects of Ageing. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Nieman, D. C., Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (U.S.). (2013). Does exercise alter immune function and respiratory infections?. Washington, D.C: Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Source document

Platos Communism :: Communism Essays

Elites: Elites not masses, govern all societies, but in whose interests do they serve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elites are inevitable in all societies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to both Madison and Plato, factions will inevitably occur within society, the way to address this is viewed in two different ways by Plato and Madison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato sees within society an inherent flaw of two cities, a city of the rich and a city of the poor. He rejects oligarchy, the rule of few over many, because he believes that â€Å"absolute power corrupts absolutely† and rejects democracy for the incompetence within the system because it lacks people properly schooled in the Plutonian tradition and sees the violence inherent in the system, for: existent in all forms of government exist the extreme violence and selfishness of party struggles for factions within society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato would remove the causes of factions, choosing to give up further liberties to protect the good of the people. His theory is similar to the state of nature, believing that societies are formed to meet the needs of the people. Because of the inherent yearning for power within a few elites, Plato would remove these feelings of selfishness, with his own form of Communism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato’s communism would take two main forms which meet in the abolition of the family. The first of the two forms would be to set up a new form of hierarchy: Philosopher king, who would rule by merit of vision and capacity to realize that vision in reality. Guardians, who would serve as the military/ruling class of society, merchant class which serves as a middle class, a buffer between the poor and the rulers. This sunders in two the idea of a city of rich/ city of poor. However the main thing to note is that the rulers must give up certain freedoms in order to attain their position of power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rulers must give up the right to own property, effectively removing self-interest. Anyone can be a ruler as long as they MERIT the position. Also, the must live in common barracks style living and eat at a common table, facilitating discussion and equality amongst them. Also they all must be schooled in the Plutonian Tradition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second form of communism would be the abolition of a permanent monogamous sexual relationship. This removes loyalty to family/lover. Lovemaking would be more like livestock breeding and would occur at the behest of the ruler.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato believed that if the unity of the state is to be preserved and marriage and property stand in the way than they must be abolished.

An Analysis of A White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett Essay

â€Å"A White Heron†, written by Sarah Orne Jewett, depicts a young girl whose love great love for nature and animals meant her and her family’s needs. Sylvia’s knowledge of birds including the white heron, she had to make a choice between saving the white heron and helping her family. Sylvia does both of these things because she is close to nature. Sylvia’s great understanding of the animals comes from her love for nature and wild creatures. Sylvia knows a lot about many different types of birds. So Sylvy knows all about birds, does she? ‘ The hunter exclaimed, as he looked at the little girl who sat, timid but extremely sleepy in the moonlight. The hunter finds out that Sylvia knows a lot about birds and that she may be able to help him find a white heron for his bird collection. Sylvia’s love for the outdoors is also very obvious when she says that she would have liked to have her home to be outside rather than in doors because of its beauty and peace. Sylvia said, this was a beautiful place to live in, and she never should wish to go home. It is obvious that Sylvia is happier living in nature, rather than in a humid house. She also likes to watch the animals in their natural environment. With Sylvia’s extraordinary knowledge of birds, Sylvia has a decision: either to help support her family or to save the white heron from the hunter. Sylvia has an idea where the white heron is, and may possibly be able to help the hunter find the bird for his collection. Sylvia knows that she would be awarded much-needed money for directing the hunter to the heron, but she decides that she cannot play any part in bringing about the bird’s death. The hunter eventually leaves Sylvia without his prize. Sylvia shows her love for nature when she does not sell the white heron for money. Sylvia went with the hunter to find the white heron and had found it. When Sylvia and the hunter find the white heron he offered her money for it but she refused. When she saw the heron Sylvia does not speak after all, and the hunter’s eyes are looking straight at Sylvia. He can make them rich with money; he has promised it, and they are poor now. This shows how much Sylvia loves the animals and how she would never want to harm any of them, not even for the chance to become rich and solve all of her family’s problems. In Sarah Orne Jewett’s, Sylvia’s love for nature and animals goes beyond her concern for her and her family’s needs. Saving the white heron was a choice that Sylvia to made proving that her love for nature was much stronger that her family’s needs and her own.

Cuban Missle Crisis Essay - 1196 Words

Cuban Missile Crisis Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 was the closest the world ever came to full-scale nuclear war. When the Soviet Union placed offensive nuclear missiles in Cuba, President Kennedy interpreted the act as one of hostility that would not be tolerated. However, the situation was blown way out or proportion by the president, American media, and ultimately the citizens of the United States. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, was reacting to the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, US Missile installations along the Turkey/Soviet border, and the clear anti-Communist policy of the United States. Khrushchev was born in Kalinovka in southwestern Russia. He was raised in a poor†¦show more content†¦The Bay of Pigs invasion was a prime example. This overt military action took place when the CIA funded a paramilitary force of rebel Cubans to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. Kennedy refused to give the invasion strong American military force so it ultimately failed, thus becoming a great embarrassment to the United States. Not only was it an incredible failure and embarrassment, but it was also a US sponsored military offensive against Cuba, a communist country and Soviet ally. It was a challenge to the governments of both the Soviet Union and Cuba. In addition to the attack on Cuba, Khrushchev was also faced with US missile installations in Turkey and Italy that posed a serious threat to the Soviet Union. The installations in Turkey were less than 150 miles from the Soviet border. The installations here were MRBMs, Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles, and were nearly identical to the missiles Khrushchev had installed in Cuba. He was merely trying to prevent the US from gaining the upper hand in a power struggle, which could have meant serious disaster for the Soviets. Khrushchev, just like Kennedy and the rest of the United States, didn’t want the enemy to gain a nuclear advantage. He was trying to protect his country and prevent nuclear disaster. The hysteria created in the United States as a result of the Soviet installations was immense. The US media was calling Khrushchev’sShow MoreRelated Cuban Missle Crisis Essay3174 Words   |  13 PagesCuban Missle Crisis Many agree that the Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war; but exactly how close did it come? The Crisis was ultimately a showdown between the United States and the Soviet Union from October 16 to October 28, 1962. During those thirteen stressful days, the world’s two biggest superpowers stood on the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. The Crisis started as a result of both the Soviet Union’s fear of losing the arms race, and Cuba’s fear of USRead MoreCuban Missle Crisis and the Realist Perspective Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 brought the world closer than it had ever been to nuclear war. This makes the crisis one of the most essential events in international affairs history, demonstrating a great example of the realist perspectives and other important aspects of international relations. Primarily, the origins of the Cuban Missile Crisis can be readily attributed to the realist perspective. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy launched the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, which was a thwartedRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Essay495 Words   |  2 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was the closest the world has ever come to nuclear war. The crisis was a major confrontation between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The confrontation was caused by the Soviets putting missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of the United States of America. The world was in the hands of President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khruchchev. These two men would have to reach a compromiseRead MoreTaking a Look at Government Models697 Words   |  3 Pagesrepresents the first and most important stage of analysis. The state is a rational actor whose choice is based on the maximization of profit versus the minimization of costs. †¢ Specifically, during the Cuban Missile Crisis the Soviet Union swiftly took the situational upper hand by positioning their Nuclear missles in Cuba towards the U.S. Their actions were also backed up U.S. failure in the secret invasion of Cuba. On the other side, Kennedy’s counter attack strategy was defined through the rational analysisRead MoreThe Kennedy Administration Properly Handels the Cuban Missile Crisis1385 Words   |  6 Pageschallenged the President even further with the Soviets advances into Cuba to plant new missiles. The Cuban Missile Crisis is etched into history books as one of the greatest accomplishments for President Kennedy because he had properly avoided any harsh reactions from both his administration and his enemy, Soviet Russia. During the Cold War, Kennedys administration handled the Cuban Missile Crisis effectively because it avoided nuclear conflict with the Soviet Union using backdoor negotiations whileRead MoreThe U.S./Cuban Showdown and the Cold War1556 Words   |  6 PagesThe 13 days in where the Soviet Union confronted the USA by placing nuclear missles in the island Cuba which is just 90 miles off American mainland is regarded as the closest the two countries came to war in the Cold War period. The short term signifcances were huge, as the world came close to a third world war, but in the long term it actually helped USA and the Soviet Union build a stronger relationship. It led to the Moscow-Washington hotline. However, during the 13 days it proved to many leadersRead MoreAn Age Of Dramatic Social And Political Changes1164 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States entered the Vietnam War, so they could prevent areas of the world to fall under communist influence, in this case South Vietnam. The popular events of the 1960’s was the 2nd Sexual Revolution, the Civil Rights Movement and the Cuban Missle Crisis. The second sexual revolution involved hippies and drugs. They would act reckless by using a lot of dru gs which was a way for them to prove that they rejected the mainstream American life. On the other hand one quality that was remarkable aboutRead MoreSoviet Union Vs Cold War Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pages1961 the reason it was such a short presidency he was killed in 1963 there was still a lot that happened during his presidency. In 1959 before he was president there was a Cuban revolution. Cuba became communist Fidel Castro took over the Americans did not like a communist state close to the borders in 1961 the US supported Cuban exiles, to try and invade cuba. The has been debates between the CIA and the kennedy administration for who was to blame for it. Being a failure so because of that failingRead MoreEssay about Nuclear Power and the Cold War1094 Words   |  5 Pagesvia Cuban exile actors in Playa Girà ³n failed (Granieri, 2011). After Cuban intelligence agents obtained American information, in addition to warnings from Soviets, the United States faced national humili ation (Granieri, 2011). This sets the precedent for what came only a year later, in October 1962, when a conflict called the Cuban Missile Crisis occurred. In order to protect themselves from U.S. invasion, Cubans, with the aid of the Soviet Union, began to build MRBMs and IRBMs bases on Cuban territoryRead MoreFidel Castros Impact on Cuba, America, and the World1359 Words   |  6 Pages Fidel Castro, resigned now, and still living, was the dictator of the Cuban nation. He has had an big impact on America, and he an impact on our world. Fidel Castro was a Cuban dictator for a long time coming. Fidel Castro becoming a dictator not only affected the United States, but his arrival affected the world around us. Fidel Castro was a man who had a target on his head. Lots of people from all over the world wanted him dead. Fidel Castro wasn’t a capitalist person, he was a Communist

Business Innovation and Entrepreneurship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2051 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Business Innovation and Entrepreneurship INTRODUCTION Every innovation starts with an idea that aims to make an existing process or product better, to improve the original design or to cater to different needs. Creative idea is the foundation for innovation. But what comprises an excellent idea? How does a person in power able to differentiate an idea that is only good in theory and those that actually answers real-world demands. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Business Innovation and Entrepreneurship" essay for you Create order In order for a business to be successful, they need to realize the ever changing demands of the modern world. It is no longer enough to stay plain and original. Every business needs to cope with these changes which are the usual drivers for innovation. The responsibility lies with the managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to identify opportunities through these changes. They also need to set a clear vision on what the company wants to achieve and how they want to achieve it. This as the guiding principle will enable them to match the right ideas to what is relevant in reality. The focus of this paper is to discuss important analytical tools used to recognize ideas that could lead to innovation of processes. It also discusses the criteria used to deduce which ideas are suitable and feasible for the organization. LATERAL THINKING There are two methods of thinking, Vertical Thinking and Lateral Thinking. Vertical thinking uses logic and traditional methods while Lateral Thinking avoids any common sequence and creates solution through a different point of view. In business, Lateral thinking is more encouraged when making decisions and coming up with ideas geared towards innovation in the organization. Lateral Thinkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s simplest definition is the ability to think outside of the box. This term was first coined by Dr. Edward de Bono in 1970. It describes the manner of solving problems through different perspectives. It encourages leaving the obvious and common, and being open to the change of concepts and perceptions. Dr. Bono described Lateral thinking as being concerned not with the existing factors but in changing what already exists. It is common to find solutions through usual and predictable ways especially if the current ways still work, but the use of Lateral thinking provides a b etter and wider scope of opportunities to innovate. That is why lateral thinking is a very important criterion when identifying ideas to cultivate for an organization. VISIONING Visioning is the process of forming mental image of the desired future to serve as motivators for the present action. It pictures the success of a goal achieved on a specific time, it does not dwell on the present but on the future and for long term. The ability to visualize is a very important characteristic of a leader. It is important for a leader to have a wide imagination that will enable them to set goals, set plans and anticipates possible risks and problems that they might encounter, as they venture through the realization of their goal as a company. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vision is the clear guide for choosing the course of action; every decision should answer to what the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vision is aiming for. It is the leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to be the driver and make sure that the organization is functioning with one goal in mind. Visioning affects cultivation of innovation because when people have a clear idea of what they want a nd the success ahead, creative ideas flow more freely which benefits the whole organization. The key is to think ahead and see how an idea will affect the whole organization for the long term. PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES Having the idea and a guiding vision is not the end of the Innovative cycle. An organization needs to be equipped for any hindrance towards getting their goal. It is essential to have the ability to analyze a problem and find ways to solve them without sacrificing quality or integrity of work. Different people have different ways of dealing with difficulties. In business, it is important to be objective when dealing with problems and interruptions. That is why it is important for leaders and management to be aware of the different problem solving techniques that can be utilized when faced with such circumstances. Problem solving techniques are steps that can be used to identify the problems that are hindering the goal. The steps include acknowledging that a problem is present, defining what the problem is, planning a fix to the problem, identifying the resources available to be used, monitoring the progress and appraising the efficiency of the solution. These are the basic an d simplest approach a person can follow. There are more detailed strategies that can be used by bigger companies when dealing with difficult problems. Some of the more commonly used are Kepner-Tregoe Problem Solving, Six Sigma, Root Cause Analysis, Fishbon and TQM. Kepner Tregoe Problem Solving. This approach dwells with setting the objective, finding different options, weighing the pros and cons and choosing the best answer. This approach limits the biased decisions as much as possible. The four basic steps are Situational Appraisal, Problem Analysis, Decision Analysis and Potential Problem Analysis. Six Sigma Tools. This approach is very systematic and strategic. It follows the DMAIC model and focus on root causes to process problems. The end goal of Six Sigma is to have quality improvements and improved standard of process or product. It also focus on savings gained through the project. 5 Whys or Root Cause Analysis. This approach is quite subjective and dependent on whoever is analyzing the problem. It is simple but proven effective when finding the root cause of a problem. The 5 Whys steps are straight forward and starts with asking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“why?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  to the problem, once an answer has been given, the next à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“why?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  will be asked until a root cause can be identified. Fishbone Diagram. This is another known tool used for finding root cause with the goal to correct the actions. This approach is also known as Cause and Effect diagram or Ishikawa. It groups causes into different categories with the causes cascading from the main categories that forms what looks as a fishbone, hence the name. TQM Tools. This approach is more robust in a way that it requires involvement of the whole organization for their implementation. The goal of this approach is to build quality process. Some common TQM practices are Process Management, Customer Involvement, Strategic Planning etc. ANALYTICAL TOOLS SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT Analysis is an analytical method which utilizes techniques that centres on the strengths and weaknesses. SWOT stands for Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat. This technique deals with the positive and negative of both internal and external factors. The idea is to cover the full scope of the problem and to assess all possibilities. This technique can be applied at any stage of the innovative cycle. It is used to discover new opportunities or answers to problems to existing processes or products. It is also used to narrow done possibilities and to arrive to the best way to solve the problem. The technique is also helpful when reviewing plans mid-course, this can result to discovering new opportunities while still on the process and can also lead to discovering imperfections on the current plans. SWOT is a proven effective technique for discovering new opportunities in business. Since it deals with all the facets of the business, the data is accurate and provides a strong foundation for coming up with a reliable action plan. The strength of this technique makes it a very important tool for Project Management. PESTLE ANALYSIS Pestle Analysis is another tool used for Business Analysis. Pestle stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental. This technique dwells mainly on the external factors which contribute to the success and failure of the plan. It provides different angles by looking closely in the environment where the business operates. This method is an important tool for strategic management because it looks closely on the environmental factors that affect the organization as whole. There are more opportunities for ideas that could improve current methods or processes since it analyzes a broader range. At the same time, by looking into the external factors it will be easier to track what among the existing products, service or process are no longer working or outdated. It is important for an organization to do this to stay relevant. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Cost Benefit analysis is another technique used which assess the benefits and associated costs to arrive in a decision. It usually runs over a given period of time and data gathered are used as basis for analyzing which path to take. This method involves these basic principles; Project appraisal, incorporating external factors in analysis, and Time bound. Using cost benefit analysis usually takes time since it must complete the set course in order to gather enough and reliable data. This type of analysis depends on finding and adding all the positive factors which is the Benefits part. Then the same steps are taken to find and add the negative factors, which are the Costs. The difference will dictate whether the plan will suit and generate positive impact to the organization. This technique can be used in any aspects but commonly used for problems with monetary involvement and thus cost will play as a big factor. DECISION MAKING PROCESSES AND STYLE ANALYSIS Decision making is the process of making a choice out of all the available options. An effective decision making, foresees the results of each available option, be able to weigh the positive and negative and conclude objectively the best choice. Different analytical tools and techniques meant to aid the decision making process. It is best to decide decisions with facts from research and statistics, these serve as proof that points are well thought and possibilities are thoroughly explored. Decision making process follows these steps: Definition of the problem Identifying limits Exploring alternatives Analysis of alternatives Selection Implementation Establish control Evaluation Different people have different ways of making decisions. Decision making involves different styles and success is dependent on how well the organization adapts and embrace it. Here are some of the commonly known styles exercised by different leaders from different companies. Decision making can be Directive. In this style, the leader has the sole responsibility in making the decision. It is assumed that the one in power has the best knowledge of the problem and can provide the best solution in behalf of the whole organization. Next style is Analytical. This style still highly involves the leader but supporting information from the team is needed to back up the decision. Conceptual style is a style where the leader involves the whole team in making concepts of each option and takes higher risks. They brainstorm together and share different inputs and tackling the problem before arriving into a conclusion. Another style is Delegation. In this style, the responsibility to make the decision is given to a group and not necessarily to the leader alone. The leader acts as a guide and decisions are based on what the group arrived at on consensus. IDEAL CHANGE MODEL IDEAL change model stands for Initiating, Diagnosing, Establishing, Acting and Learning. This model was devised to be guide when planning for any change. It has been successful and can be applied for both small and big organizations and proven to be effective in dealing with different types of challenges. This model is essential when coming up with innovations because of how the method works. It aims to continuous improvement and at the same time reduce defects that are commonly overlooked when implementing something new. The last step, learning, is especially important for this model because it encourages continuity and evaluation that there is significant improvement brought by the change. This also pushes leaders to provide ongoing management. CONCLUSION Competition in the modern world of business is constantly changing. It is no longer enough to have good product and services, they are still on the top of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s priority, but it is no longer suf ficient. Creative and Innovative ideas are constantly needed in order to make sure your company is not left behind. The use of different methods and techniques to analyze these ideas are essential for companies because it provides them solid and tested proof on how effective the ideas are, once applied to the marketplace.

The Unstable Mayor Of Halloween Town - 1818 Words

The Unstable Mayor of Halloween Town Stephanie S. Salas New Mexico Highlands University The Mayor of Halloween town from the Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) has a very mysterious past. It is thought that he died from a major neck injury that twisted his head a perfect 180 degrees. He has two faces (like most politicians) that he alternates with little or no provocation (one side of his face is flesh colored and happy with regular teeth, the other side is ghost white and wrought with despair and has sharp teeth). Little is known about the Mayor before his death and his time in the town of Halloween. It may be gathered that he has a history of neglect due to his fear of abandonment and bouts of depression from his low self-image and frequent feelings of hopelessness. Throughout the film, the Mayor was intentionally portrayed as mentally unstable and often seen as bipolar by many viewers. Though the mayor does have episodes of pseudo-hypomania and depression, it is not consistent with the actual manifestation of bipolar I or II. In bipolar II disorder, sufferers cycle between hypomania and depression over several months (regular cycling), several weeks (rapid cycling), or one week to the next (ultra-rapid cycling). There is some debate on ultradian cycling (ultra-ultra-rapid cycling) which could mean that symptoms of depression and hypomania are felt within the same day; however, this is not widely accepted and most psychologists argue that this is notShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesYour most important critical thinking skill is your skill at making judgments─not snap judgments that occur in the blink of an eye, but those that require careful reasoning. You are not reasoning logically if, when you want a gorilla suit for a Halloween party, the first thing you do is search for the word Gorilla in the Yellow Pages of the telephone book, and the problem here is not that you used a telephone book instead of the Internet. High-quality reasoning is called logical reasoning orRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesstated shortly. .......................................................................................................................................... Example 8.2 Blood Platelet Size The article â€Å"Changes in Platelet Size and Count in Unstable Angina Compared to Stable Angina or Non-Cardiac Chest Pain† (European Heart Journal [1998]: 80–84) presented data suggesting that the distribution of platelet size for patients with noncardiac chest pain is approximately normal with mean m 8.25 and

Critical Evaluation of Evidence Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthel

Question: Discuss about the Critical Evaluation of Evidence. Answer: Introduction: While more and more health research findings were published to contribute to the social life, there has been increasing concern about the quality and reliability of this information (Rai et al., 2016). Inaccurate findings may lead to imprecise applications. To prevent the misinformation, it is vital to critically appraise the existing scientific evidence for better understanding on which information can be considered as appropriate. According to Hill et al., (2001) he defined critical appraisal as a systematic process of examining evidence of the research to prove its validity, relevance, and results before using it to make the decision. This was an essential skill to informed decision-making in health care practice (Mhaskar et al., 2009). Body: Critical Appraisal of the first article of Hildt et al This part will critically appraise an article of Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students - a qualitative approach from Hildt et al (2014). The first thing to do when analyzing a research paper is to look at the authors and their expertise, qualifications, and role in the study (Borbasi Jackson., 2016). This research was implemented by three authors named Elisabeth Hildt, Klaus Lieb and Andreas Gnter Franke. These researchers were all Professor with a lot of experiences on the research topic. Especially, the first author is an expert in neurotics as stated in the article. Through Google scholar, it is found that they had worked together on several related topics on illicit stimulants used for mental development. They also worked at the University of Mainz where the study was conducted. The research aim and questions were stated clearly in the abstract and introduction part. The sensation of pharmacological of enhancing academic performance using illicit and prescription stimulant like the Methylphenidate among the students in the university. The research question included: Why there is the use of stimulant by the student and other people in academic content? What are some of the effect experienced by users and the consideration of value? Do the leaners gain any academic advantage if they use a stimulant? What are the side effects experienced from the use of stimulant? And finally, what are some of the impacts on students life? The aim and questions of this study were specific and appropriate with authors research intention. From the literature review, it was evident that the author realized that there was lack of scientific pieces of evidence on the research topic that could be used to upkeep the pro/cognitive things in individuals who were healthy in line with the effect of smart drug. And the extent in which academic concert can be judged from getting high, parting, and other devotions are not well indicated. Besides, it was found that the widespread use of the potential cognitive drug on campuses and high school is about the very less pro-cognitive effect and side effects mentioned in the literature and given the probability of not taking drugs as prescribed and illegal drugs. It was also realized that there was no qualitative research on the topic. The explanation for the dominant sensation of academic enactment cannot be explained by the existing epidemiological studies. And can only be speculated concerning motivational factors and deeper reasons. Therefore the author may decide to eliminate some of the lack of empirical scientific data concerning real-world effects and contextual factors of academic performance enhancement. Regarding the research methodology; this was a qualitative research utilizing an extensive self-developed semi-structured interview guideline in a face-to-face setting. With the abovementioned type of research questions, a qualitative research was the most suitable method to answer them. Regarding sampling method, participants were accessed by public invitation through placards posting on public bulletin boards in the University of Mainz campus inquiring about student who had attempted to use illicit or prescription (psycho) stimulants for cognitive enhancement devotions to contact the research team secretly via email. The exclusion criteria of participant selection were shown in the method section. The study only accommodated healthy students who had no psychiatric disorder, and current doctors instructions of medication were accommodated in the findings. Due to this limitations, only a few students participated in an interview. Only 18 students have reported the non-medical use of illicit stimulants and a prescription for academic performance. And the article did not show any statement related to the saturation criteria of this population. The data analysis was conducted to ensure the objectivity with anonymous transcriptions and two independent raters. But the interviewer bias and recall bias had not discussed yet. In specific, it could be presented when the researchers asked about their experience on negative side effects or increase in mental performance or when the participant could exchange information and interview questions in advance. Hence the selection bias was pointed out and minimized by recruiting a trained psychologist and three trained interviewers. Besides, the research time and interview places were not mentioned in the article. Local Ethics of the Medical Association Rheinland approved this study, and each participant was given a free tape-recording for the entire session as well as a written informed consent of participating in the interview. So the authors followed the process of a study as shown in the book of Dickens (Dickens, 2010). Two rates were used to form independent categories. Further analysis was made using categories with congruent content which were formed by both rates. However, there was a consideration on the blinding for participants when they could inform each other about the interview questions. Six categories were identified by the author, and those categories were involving to the life setting of stimulant used to boost academic performance. In the result part entailing context of stimulant applied exceeding boosting of academic performance timing of use, subjective experience of enhancement, pressure performance, results of enhancement, pressure of performance, and objective academic results. These categories were presented by using narrative and verbatim quotes. Under each category, the authors gave the participants detailed views on the use of stimulants and CE to answer the respective research questions. In summary, it can be concluded that this article showed the appropriate research methods and matched findings with the research questions. Nevertheless, it still had some weaknesses such as some bias have not yet mentioned and discussed; no saturation criteria was stated; minor incorrect calculation: 38.9% ? 44.4% (n=8) prescription stimulants or the allowance shouldnt be informed in advance the selection process and interview Critical Appraisal of the second article of Munro et al This part will critically appraise an article of The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, academic outcomes and executive functioning from Munro et al (2017). The first author is doing her PhD program, and this research was a part of her doctoral dissertation accessible at the University of Rhode Island. The other three authors were PhD and had experiences on the research topic. They all were qualified to conduct this research. The main aim of the study is to distinguish the connection between executive function (EF) and nonmedical usage of prescription stimulants (NMUUPS) in a large sample of 5 regions in the US by the college students. Specifically, it was hypnotized that: There were high chances for the student who has reported EF as measured by BEFS to report the nonmedical use of prescribed stimulants than an average report of EF skills by another student. The performance of academic performance and EF would be moderated by NMUPS; Specifically, NMUPS was estimated to brace the relationship amid EF and academic brilliance. These hypotheses were appropriate with the literature presented in the introduction part. The author also found that there was difficulty in education for the students who were experiencing EF deficit and these students were being involved in risky behaviors. From the literature, it can be stated that the NMUPS are used by the students who have EF deficit to help them overcome this deficit so that they can excel in academic. However, up to now, no researcher has researched to determine the relationship between EF and NMUPS among the population of college students. So, they hope those study findings would be valuable in deceitful inhibition and intervention programs. Regarding research methods, this was a quantitative study using measures of The Stimulant Survey Questionnaire (SSQ), BDEFS and grade point average (GPA). Faculty and staff assisted in doing sampling. They forwarded emails containing a link to the survey to the students who were willing to participate and were eligible. The same data was also posted on the official Facebook web page of the public university to attract participants. The interested students who provided consent were interviewed. A total of 308 undergraduate students recruited from six public US universities. This sampling method also ensured the blinding enrolled for the study. However, it also revealed some selection and information bias that had been discussed in the limitation of the research. Instruments and its reliability and validity are the important criteria to evaluate the quality of research (Ingham-Broomfield, 2008) (Polit Hungler, 2013). The SSQ and BDEFS that respectively measure the nonmedical use of in struction stimulant medication in universities in the error of their time in school and to evaluate the measurement of EF of adults in daily life were necessary questionnaires to attend to the research question. Good reliability was demonstrated as a proof of high internal consistency. IRB proved this study at six public universities located in southern, northern, southwest, south-east, northwest, and central-Midwest of US but not from Ethical Committee. Additionally, no statement was declared for informed consent. Hence, it was not followed the standard of an ethical issue, and the participant might be not free from harm (Dickens, 2010). Regarding the results, it would be consistent with two above hypotheses and concisely presented by tables and interpretation that was more visual for the readers (Burns Grove., 2009) (Richardson-Tench et al., 2016). However, the information in the tables and the interpretation was not quite relevant. For instance, the population of the endorsed participant with an idea of students nonmedical use stimulant that is prescribed while reading, in the final week more than 71% use stimulant that is not prescribed. 70.5% are used during exams while during tests (62.7%) were shown in table 2 as wrote in the article. P value also was not marked in the tables. It was hard for readers to follow the research findings. To sum up, this study had some strengths involving in good instruments and data analysis, but the weakest points were ethical issue and presentation as well as interpretation of findings. The application of evidence in practice should not be ignored because of individual barriers of the study population (Greenhalgh et al., 2016). The targeted group was the students who normally lack understanding on using stimulants. As indicated in both studies, stimulants were used not only for academic performance enhancement but other purposes. They also have limited skills to refuse of using this kind of smart drugs. Besides, they lack research skill to understand thoroughly on the risk of using drugs whereas Munros study also has not proved the relationship between stimulant use and EF deficits. It is clear that there were limited readers in this research topic. The topic related to psychology and neuroscience is quite difficult that not everyone can understand it. Concerning organizational barriers, it was costly access these research papers. In other hands, the universities would not interfere too much with students life. Therefore, the support for the student will be lacking. Also, there was still a long way for researchers to have shreds of evidence on the risk of using smart drugs for academic enhancement. More resources and budget will be needed. In Munro et als article, the PICO elements were provided clearly while in Hildt et als study, there was no comparable group due to the type and design of this qualitative research. The population of two studies was also the university scholars who were popularly using the nonmedical use of prescription drugs Conclusion To sum up, the answer to the clinical question is unclear. It cant be concluded whether stimulants increase academic performance in university students or not. It depends much on the way to implement a study to produce research findings on that topic. Further studies should be conducted on this problem, and some meta-analysis based on applied research findings will be able to give the most reliable answer for that question. References Borbasi, S., Jackson, D. (Eds.). (2016). Navigating the maze of research: Enhancing nursing and midwifery practice. (4th ed.). Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier Dickens, B. M. (2010). Ethical issues in health.MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES-Volume VII, 92. Greenhalgh, T., Bidewell, J., Crisp, E., Lambros, A., Warland, J. (2016). Understanding Research Methods for Evidence-Based Practice in Health 1e. Grove, S. K., Burns, N., Gray, J. (2013). The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis and generation of evidence (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students - a qualitative approach. 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